Chapter 19: Staphylococcus aureus
Updated: 07/18/07
- Potential Food Safety Hazard
- Control Measures
- Guidelines
- FDA Guidelines
- State Guidelines
- ICMSF Recommended Microbial Limits
- Canadian Bacteriological Guidelines (CFIA)
- Growth and Toxin Production
- Heat Resistance
- Analytical Procedures
- Food Sampling and Preparation of Sample Homogenate
- Definition of Terms; Collection of Samples; Supplement to all Methods in the HC Compendium (HC)
- Staphylococcus aureus (USFDA)
- Staphylococcal enterotoxins: micro-slide double diffusion and ELISA-based methods (USFDA)
- Electrophoretic and immunoblot analysis of staphylococcal enterotoxins in food (USFDA)
- Enumeration of Staphylococcus aureus in foods (HC)
- Determination of Staphylococcus aureus thermostable nuclease in foods (HC)
- Determination of enterotoxin production by Staphylococcus aureus in foods and broth media (the reversed passive latex agglutination (RPLA) method) (HC)
- Detection of enterotoxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus in foods (the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using the Tecra Kit) (HC)
- Detection of enterotoxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus in foods (Ridascreen SET A, B, C, D, E Enzyme Immunoassay) (HC)
- Identification Of Staphylococcus aureus by AccuprobeTM(Accuprobe rapid DNA probe test) (HC)
- Other analytical procedures
- Commercial Test Products
- References
| Potential Food Safety Hazard | Contents |
| Control Measures | Contents |
| Guidelines | Contents |
| FDA Guidelines | Contents |
| State Guidelines | Contents |
| State | Products |
coagulase positive S. aureus |
| Alabama |
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| Alaska |
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| Arizona |
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| Arkansas |
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| California |
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| Colorado |
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| Connecticut |
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| Delaware |
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| Florida | Blue crab |
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| Georgia |
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| Hawaii |
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| Idaho |
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| Illinois |
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| Indiana |
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| Iowa |
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| Kansas |
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| Kentucky |
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| Louisiana |
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| Maine |
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| Maryland |
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| Massachusetts |
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| Michigan |
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| Minnesota |
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| Mississippi | Oysters, clams, mussels, fresh or frozen |
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| Missouri |
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| Montana |
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| Nebraska | Oysters, clams, mussels, fresh or frozen |
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| Deli foods (shrimp salad, etc.) |
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| Nevada |
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| New Hampshire |
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| New Jersey | "Potentially hazardous" (tuna, shrimp salad) |
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| New Mexico |
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| New York |
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| North Carolina |
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| North Dakota |
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| Ohio |
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| Oklahoma |
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| Oregon |
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| Pennsylvania |
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| Rhode Island |
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| South Carolina |
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| South Dakota |
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| Tennessee |
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| Texas | Crabmeat |
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| Utah |
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| Vermont |
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| Virginia |
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| Washington |
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| West Virginia | Deli items (seafood salads) |
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| Wisconsin |
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| Wyoming |
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| ICMSF Recommended Microbial Limits | Contents |
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| Product | n1 | c2 |
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| Fresh and frozen fish and cold-smoked fish |
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| Precooked breaded fish |
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| Frozen raw crustaceans |
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| Frozen cooked crustaceans |
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| Cooked, chilled, and frozen crabmeat |
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2Maximum allowable number of sample units which exceed microbial level m.
3Maximum recommended bacterial level for c samples out of n.
4Maximum recommended bacterial level for remaining (n - c) samples.
Plate counts below "m" are considered good quality. Plate counts between "m" and "M" are considered marginally acceptable quality, but can be accepted if the number of samples does not exceed "c." Plate counts at or above "M" are considered unacceptable quality (ICMSF, 1986).
| Canadian Food Inspection Agency Bacteriological Guidelines for Fish and Fish Products | Contents |
| Growth and Toxin Production | Contents |
| Heat Resistance | Contents |
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Halpin-Dohnalek and Marth, 1989 | ||
Heat resistance of S. aureus toxin.
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| 98.9 |
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68.5 |
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Read and Bradshaw, 1966 |
| 104.4 |
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46.2 |
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Read and Bradshaw, 1966 |
| 110 |
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26.1 |
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Read and Bradshaw, 1966 |
| 115.6 |
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16.6 |
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Read and Bradshaw, 1966 |
| 121.1 |
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9.4 |
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Read and Bradshaw, 1966 |
| 126.7 |
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6.2 |
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Read and Bradshaw, 1966 |
| Analytical Procedures | Contents |
| Food sampling and preparation of sample homogenate (USFDA) | Contents |
| Definition of Terms (HC Appendix A); Collection of samples (HC Appendix B); Supplement to All Methods in the HC Compendium: General Microbiological Guidance (HC Appendix I) | Contents |
| Staphylococcus aureus (USFDA) | Contents |
| Staphylococcal enterotoxins: micro-slide double diffusion and ELISA-based methods (USFDA) | Contents |
| Electrophoretic and immunoblot analysis of staphylococcal enterotoxins in food (USFDA) | Contents |
| Enumeration of Staphylococcus aureus in foods
(HC MFHPB-21)
Enumeration of Staphylococcus aureus in foods (HC MFHPB-21 supplement) |
Contents |
| Determination of Staphylococcus aureus thermostable nuclease in foods (HC MFHPB-28) | Contents |
| Determination of enterotoxin production by Staphylococcus aureus in foods and broth media (the reversed passive latex agglutination (RPLA) method) (HC MFLP-67) | Contents |
| Detection of enterotoxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus in foods (the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using the Tecra Kit) (HC MFLP-68) | Contents |
| Detection of enterotoxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus in foods (Ridascreen SET A, B, C, D, E Enzyme Immunoassay) (HC MFLP-69) | Contents |
| Identification Of Staphylococcus aureus by AccuprobeTM(Accuprobe rapid DNA probe test) (HC MFLP-79) | Contents |
| Other analytical procedures | Contents |
- Staphylococcus aureus in foods: Most probable number method for isolation (AOAC, 1995c).
- Staphylococcus aureus in foods: Surface plating method for isolation and enumeration (AOAC, 1995d).
- Staphylococcus aureus isolated from foods: Latex agglutination test method (AOAC, 1995e).
- Staphylococcal enterotoxin in foods: Extraction and separation methods (AOAC, 1995f).
- Staphylococcal enterotoxin in foods: Microslide gel double diffusion test (AOAC, 1995g).
- Staphylococcal enterotoxin in selected foods: Polyvalent enzyme immunoassay method (AOAC, 1995h).
| Commercial Test Products | Contents |
Table 19-11. Commercial test products for S. aureus.
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Test Kit |
Analytical Technique |
Approx. Total Test Time1 |
Supplier |
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3M Petrifilm ™ Rapid S. aureus Count Plate |
An indicator of the presence of a thermostable nuclease. Dry rehydratable film method. |
26-30 h |
3M Microbiology Products 3M Center, Building 275-5W-05 St. Paul, MN 55144-1000 Phone: 800/228-3957; 651/737-6501 E-mail: innovation@mmm.com Web: www.3m.com/microbiology/ |
| AccuPROBE® Culture Staphylococcus aureus Culture Identification Test | Nucleic acid hybridization |
Up to 72 h |
Gen-Probe Contact: Customer Service 10210 Genetic Center Dr. San Diego, CA 92121 Phone: 858/410-8000 Web: www.gen-probe.com |
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API RAPIDEC Staph [Used to identify Staphylococcus aureus] |
Fluorescent test for S. aureus. Biochemical identification of Staphylococcus |
2 h |
bioMérieux Inc. Contact: bioMérieux Industry 595 Anglum Rd. Hazelwood, MO 63042 Phone: 800/638-4835; 314/731-8500 E-mail: usa@na.biomerieux.com Web: www.biomerieux.com |
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API Staph [Used to identify Staphylococcus aureus] |
Biochemical reaction |
24 h |
bioMérieux Inc. Contact: bioMérieux Industry 595 Anglum Rd. Hazelwood, MO 63042 Phone: 800/638-4835; 314/731-8500 E-mail: usa@na.biomerieux.com Web: www.biomerieux.com |
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BACTiStaph [Used to identify Staphylococcus aureus] |
Latex agglutination |
After a 24 h |
Remel Contact: Customer Service 12076 Santa Fe Dr. Lenexa, KS 66206 Phone: 800/255-6730; 913/888-0939 E-mail: remel@remelinc.com Web: www.remelinc.com |
| CHECK 3 Staph aureus | Chemical, visual detection |
4-18 h |
Contamination Sciences LLC Contact: Robert Steinhauser 4230 East Towne Blvd., Suite 191 Madison, WI 53704 Phone: 608/825-6125 E-mail: bsteinha@contam-sci.com Web: www.contam-sci.com |
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GENE-TRAK Staphylococcus aureus Assay [Used to detect Staphylococcus aureus] |
Nucleic acid hybridization |
28 h |
Neogen Corporation 620 Lesher Pl. Lansing, MI 48912 Phone: 517/372-9200 E-mail: NeogenCorp@aol.com Web: www.neogen.com/genetrakback.htm |
| ISO-GRID Method for Staphylococcus aureus Count using Baird-Parker Agar | Membrane filtration with selective and differential culture medium |
48-54 h |
QA Life Sciences, Inc. 6645 Nancy Ridge Dr. San Diego, CA 92121 Phone: 800/788-4446; 858/622-0560 E-mail: bugsy@qalife.com |
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RIDASCREEN SET (R4101) (R-Biopharm GmbH) [Used to identify S. aureus enterotoxins A, B, C, D, or E] |
ELISA |
3 h |
R-Biopharm, Inc. Contact: Sean Tinkey 7950 US 27 South Marshall, MI 49068 Phone: 877/789-3033 E-mail: sales@r-biopharm.com Web: www.r-biopharm.com |
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RIDASCREEN Staphylococcus aureus Thermonuclease (R4001) (R-Biopharm GmbH) [Used to identify S. aureus at levels to identify intoxication] |
Immunodiffusion inhibition assay |
4 h |
R-Biopharm, Inc. Contact: Sean Tinkey 7950 US 27 South Marshall, MI 49068 Phone: 877/789-3033 E-mail: sales@r-biopharm.com Web: www.r-biopharm.com |
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SET-RPLA (Oxoid) [Used to identify staphylococcal enterotoxin A, B, C, D and E] |
Reversed passive latex agglutination |
18 h |
Oxoid, Inc. Contact: Jim Bell 217 Colonnade Rd. Nepean, Ontario K2E 7K3 Canada Phone: 613/226-1318 E-mail: jbell@oxoid.ca |
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Slidex Staph Kit [Used to identify Staphylococcus aureus] |
Latex agglutination |
Once organism grown (24 h),
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bioMérieux Inc. Contact: bioMérieux Industry 595 Anglum Rd. Hazelwood, MO 63042 Phone: 800/638-4835; 314/731-8500 E-mail: usa@na.biomerieux.com Web: www.biomerieux.com |
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Staph. Aureole Plates [A coagulase positive test for S. aureus] |
Baird-Parker Media with coagulase test |
24 h |
Biomedix Contact: Claver Bundac 1105 #F North Golden Springs Dr. Diamond Bar, CA 91765 Phone: 800/674-8648 #4282; 909/396-0244 E-mail: cb4biomedx@aol.com |
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Staphytect Plus (Oxoid) [Used to confirm the presence of coagulase positive or coagulase negative staphylococci. Confirms the presence of Staphylococcus aureus] |
Latex agglutination |
After a 24 to 48 h plate culture,
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Oxoid, Inc. Contact: Jim Bell 217 Colonnade Rd. Nepean, Ontario K2E 7K3 Canada Phone: 613/226-1318 E-mail: jbell@oxoid.ca |
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TECRA Staphylococcus aureus Visual Immunoassay [Used to identify Staphylococcus aureus] |
ELISA |
26 h |
InternationalBioProducts Contact: Mike Yeager PO Box 0746 Redmond, WA 98041 Phone: 800/729-7611; 425/883-1349 E-mail: myeager@intlbioproducts.com Web: www.intlbioproducts.com or www.tecra.net |
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TECRA Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Identification Visual Immunoassay [Used to identify Staphylococcal enterotoxin A, B, C, D, or E in food.] |
ELISA with a visual end-point |
4 h |
InternationalBioProducts Contact: Mike Yeager PO Box 0746 Redmond, WA 98041 Phone: 800/729-7611; 425/883-1349 E-mail: myeager@intlbioproducts.com Web: www.intlbioproducts.com or www.tecra.net |
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TECRA Staphylococcal Enterotoxin (SET) Visual Immunoassay2 [Used to identify Staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B, C1, C2, C3, D, E and enterotoxin producing staphylococci] |
ELISA with a visual end-point |
Thermally processed foods: 21 h |
InternationalBioProducts Contact: Mike Yeager PO Box 0746 Redmond, WA 98041 Phone: 800/729-7611; 425/883-1349 E-mail: myeager@intlbioproducts.com Web: www.intlbioproducts.com or www.tecra.net |
| Transia Plate Staphylococcal Enterotoxins | ELISA |
90 min |
Diffchamb AB FO Petersons Gata 32 SE-421 31 Västra Frölunda, Sweden Phone: +46 -31-742 33 50 E-mail: market.dept@diffchamb.se Web: www.diffchamb.se |
| Transia Tube Staphylococcal Enterotoxins | ELISA |
90 min |
Diffchamb AB FO Petersons Gata 32 SE-421 31 Västra Frölunda, Sweden Phone: +46 -31-742 33 50 E-mail: market.dept@diffchamb.se Web: www.diffchamb.se |
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Vidas SET [Used to identify Staphylococcus aureus] |
Enzyme linked fluorescent assay |
2 h |
bioMérieux Inc. Contact: bioMérieux Industry 595 Anglum Rd. Hazelwood, MO 63042 Phone: 800/638-4835; 314/731-8500 E-mail: usa@na.biomerieux.com Web: www.biomerieux.com |
| References | Contents |
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Anderson J.E., R.R. Beelman, and S. Doores 1986. Persistence of serological and biological activities of staphylococcal enterotoxin A in canned mushrooms. J. Food Protect. 59:1292-1299.
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Anderson, J.E.1996. Survival of the serological and biological activities of staphylococcal enterotoxin A in canned mushrooms. UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Andrews, W.H., and June, G.A. 1998. Food sampling and preparation of sample homogenate, Ch. 1. In Food and Drug Administration Bacteriological Analytical Manual, 8th ed. (revision A), (CD-ROM version). R.L. Merker (Ed.). AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD.
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AOAC. 1995a. Official Methods of Analysis, 16th ed., P.A. Cunniff (Ed.), sec. 975.55. AOAC International, Arlington, VA.
AOAC. 1995b. Official Methods of Analysis, 16th ed., P.A. Cunniff (Ed.), sec. 987.09. AOAC International, Arlington, VA.
AOAC. 1995c. Staphylococcus aureus in foods: Most probable number method for isolation. Sec. 17.5.01, Method 987.09. In Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 16th ed., P.A. Cunniff (Ed.), p. 32-33. AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD.
AOAC. 1995d. Staphylococcus aureus in foods: Surface plating method for isolation and enumeration. Sec. 17.5.02, Method 987.09. In Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 16th ed., P.A. Cunniff (Ed.), p. 33-34. AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD.
AOAC. 1995e Staphylococcus aureus isolated from foods: Latex agglutination test method. Sec. 17.5.06, Method 995.12. In Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 16th ed., P.A. Cunniff (Ed.). AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD.
AOAC. 1995f. Staphylococcal enterotoxin in foods: Extraction and separation methods. Sec. 17.5.05, Method 980.32. In Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 16th ed., P.A. Cunniff (Ed.), p. 40-41. AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD.
AOAC, 1995g. Staphylococcal enterotoxin in foods: Microslide gel double diffusion test. Sec. 17.5.03, Method 976.31. In Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 16th ed., P.A. Cunniff (Ed.), p. 34-37. AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD.
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Park, C. E., M. Akhtar, and M. K. Rayman. 1992. Nonspecific reactions of a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (TECRA) for detection of staphylococcal enterotoxins in foods. Appl Environ Microbiol 58: 2509-2512
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Pamela D. Tom,
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